Dingy Bushbrown or Common Bushbrown (Mycalesis perseus), wet-season form, in Jonggol, West Java, Indonesia
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Linnaeus, 1758 – Animals are a major group of multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia or Metazoa. Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their life. Most animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and independently. All animals are also heterotrophs, meaning they must ingest other organisms or their products for sustenance.
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal)
Subkingdom: Eumetazoa Butschli, 1910 – Eumetazoans are a major group of animals in the Five Kingdoms classification of Lynn Margulis and K. V. Schwartz, comprising the Radiata and Bilateria — all animals except the sponges, placozoans and mesozoans. Characteristics of eumetazoans include true tissues organized into germ layers, and an embryo that goes through a gastrula stage. When treated as a formal taxon Eumetazoa is typically ranked as a subkingdom. The name Metazoa has also been used to refer to this group, but more often refers to the Animalia as a whole. Many classification schemes do not include a subkingdom Eumetazoa.
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eumetazoa)
(unranked): Bilateria Hatschek, 1888 – The bilateria are all animals having a bilateral symmetry, i.e. they have a front and a back end, as well as an upside and downside. Radially symmetrical animals like jellyfish have a topside and downside, but no front and back. The bilateralia are a subregnum (a major group) of animals, including the majority of phyla; the most notable exceptions are the sponges, belonging to Parazoa, and cnidarians belonging to Radiata. For the most part, Bilateria have bodies that develop from three different germ layers, called the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. From this they are called triploblastic. Nearly all are bilaterally symmetrical, or approximately so. The most notable exception is the echinoderms, which achieve near-radial symmetry as adults, but are bilaterally symmetrical as larvae.
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateria
(unranked): Protostomia Grobben, 1908 – Protostomia (from Greek meaning "mouth first") are a clade of animals. Together with the deuterostomes and a few smaller phyla, they make up the Bilateria, mostly comprising animals with bilateral symmetry and three germ layers. The major distinctions between deuterostomes and protostomes are found in embryonic development.
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostome)
Superphylum: Ecdysozoa Aguinaldo et al., 1997 – Ecdysozoa is a group of protostome animals, including Arthropoda (insects, chelicerata, crustaceans, and myriapods), Nematoda, and several smaller phyla. They were first defined by Aguinaldo et al. in 1997, based mainly on trees constructed using 18S ribosomal RNA genes. A large study in 2008 by Dunn et al. strongly supported the Ecdysozoa as a clade, that is, a group consisting of a common ancestor and all its descendants.
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysozoa)
Phylum: Arthropoda Latreille, 1829 – An arthropod is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton (external skeleton), a segmented body, and jointed appendages. Arthropods are members of the phylum Arthropoda, and include the insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and others. Arthropods are characterized by their jointed limbs and cuticles, which are mainly made of α-chitin; the cuticles of crustaceans are also biomineralized with calcium carbonate. The rigid cuticle inhibits growth, so arthropods replace it periodically by molting. The arthropod body plan consists of repeated segments, each with a pair of appendages. It is so versatile that they have been compared to Swiss Army knives, and it has enabled them to become the most species-rich members of all ecological guilds in most environments. They have over a million described species, making up more than 80% of all described living animal species, and are one of only two animal groups that are very successful in dry environments – the other being the amniotes. They range in size from microscopic plankton up to forms a few meters long.
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod)
Subphylum: Hexapoda Latreille, 1825 – The subphylum Hexapoda (from the Greek for six legs) constitutes the largest (in terms of number of species) grouping of arthropods and includes the insects as well as three much smaller groups of wingless arthropods: Collembola, Protura, and Diplura (all of these were once considered insects). The Collembola (or springtails) are very abundant in terrestrial environments. Hexapods are named for their most distinctive feature: a consolidated thorax with three pairs of legs. Most other arthropods have more than three pairs of legs.
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexapoda)
Class: Insecta Linnaeus, 1758 – Insects are a class of living creatures within the arthropods that have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax, and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes, and two antennae. They are among the most diverse groups of animals on the planet, including more than a million described species and represent more than half of all known living organisms. The number of extant species is estimated at between six and ten million, and potentially represent over 90% of the differing metazoan life forms on Earth. Insects may be found in nearly all environments, although only a small number of species occur in the oceans, a habitat dominated by another arthropod group, the crustaceans.
Subclass: Pterygota Lang, 1888 – Pterygota is a subclass of insects that includes the winged insects. It also includes insect orders that are secondarily wingless (that is, insect groups whose ancestors once had wings but that have lost them as a result of subsequent evolution).
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterygota)
Infraclass: Neoptera Wulp, 1890 – Neoptera is a classification group that includes almost all the winged insects, specifically those that can flex their wings over their abdomens. This is in contrast with the more basal orders of winged insects (the "Paleoptera" assemblage), which are unable to flex their wings in this way.
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoptera)
(unranked): Endopterygota Sharp, 1898 – The Endopterygota, also known as Holometabola, are insects of the subclass Pterygota which go through distinctive larval, pupal, and adult stages. They undergo a radical metamorphosis, with the larval and adult stages differing considerably in their structure and behaviour. This is called holometabolism, or complete metamorphism.
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endopterygota)
Order: Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758 – Lepidoptera is a large order of insects that includes moths and butterflies (called lepidopterans). It is one of the most widespread and widely recognizable insect orders in the world, encompassing moths and the three superfamilies of butterflies, skipper butterflies, and moth-butterflies. The term was coined by Linnaeus in 1735 and is derived from Ancient Greek λεπίδος (scale) and πτερόν (wing). Comprising an estimated 174,250 species, in 126 families and 46 superfamilies, the Lepidoptera show many variations of the basic body structure that have evolved to gain advantages in lifestyle and distribution. Recent estimates suggest that the order may have more species than earlier thought, and is among the four most speciose orders, along with the Hymenoptera, Diptera, and the Coleoptera.
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera)
Suborder: Glossata (Fabricius, 1775) – Glossata is the suborder of the insect order Lepidoptera that includes all the superfamilies of moths and butterflies that have a coilable proboscis. (See also the suborders Zeugloptera, Aglossata, and Heterobathmiina).
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossata)
Cohort: Myoglossata – Myoglossata is a cohort of suborder Glossata within order Lepidoptera, the butterflies and moths. It contains the subcohorts Myoglossata and Neolepidoptera. Myoglossata is considered a clade, that is, a group of organisms made up of a single common ancestor and all of its descendants. They are distinguished by "intrinsic mouthparts". These added intrinsic galeal muscles are unique to the Myoglossata and developed after the galeae changed to form sucking parts.
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoglossata)
Subcohort: Neolepidoptera – Neolepidoptera is a subcohort of cohort Myoglossata in suborder Glossata of order Lepidoptera, the butterflies and moths. They differ from Myoglossata in the larval stage abdominal prolegs, pupal morphology, and the mandibles are reduced in size. They also differ in their reproductive systems. The prolegs have muscles and apical hooklets. The reproductive organs have two openings. There are also differences in the wing structure. The pupae are "incomplete or obtect."
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolepidoptera)
Infraorder: Heteroneura – Heteroneura is a natural group (or clade) in the insect order Lepidoptera that comprises over 99% of all butterflies and moths. This is the sister group of the infraorder Exoporia (swift moths and their relatives), and is characterised by wing venation which is not similar or homoneurous in both pairs of wings.
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroneura)
Division: Ditrysia Borner, 1925 – The Ditrysia are a natural group or clade of insects in the Lepidopteran order containing both butterflies and moths. They are so named because the female has two distinct sexual openings: one for mating, and the other for laying eggs (in contrast to the Monotrysia).
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditrysia)
(unranked): Rhopalocera – Rhopalocera and Heterocera are non-standard divisions in the taxonomy of Lepidopterans, used in an attempt to formalize the popular distinction between butterflies and moths.
This nomenclature is not scientifically accepted because while the butterflies form a monophyletic group, the moths, which comprise the rest of the Lepidoptera, do not.
Many attempts have been made to group the superfamilies of the Lepidoptera into natural groups, most of which fail because one of the two groups is not monophyletic: Microlepidotera and Macrolepidoptera, Heterocera and Rhopalocera, Jugatae and Frenatae, Monotrysia and Ditrysia.
Although the rules for distinguishing these groups are not completely hard and fast, one very good guiding principle is that butterflies have thin antennae and (with one exception) have small balls or clubs at the end of their antennae. Moth antennae can be quite varied in appearance, but in particular lack the club end. The divisions are named by this principle: "club-antennae" (Rhopalocera) or "varied-antennae" (Heterocera).
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differences_between_butterflies_and_moths)
Superfamily: Papilionoidea Latreille, 1802 – The superfamily Papilionoidea (from the genus Papilio, meaning "butterfly") contains all the butterflies except for the skippers, which are classified in superfamily Hesperioidea, and the moth-like Hedyloidea.
Some authors treat this group as a series Papilioniformes within a single superfamily that also includes the skippers. However not all authors agree that all the butterflies constitute a single clade.
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilionoidea)
Family: Nymphalidae Rafinesque, 1815 – The Nymphalidae is a family of about 5,700 species of butterflies in over 600 genera which are distributed throughout most of the world. These are usually medium sized to large butterflies. Most species have a reduced pair of forelegs and many hold their colourful wings flat when resting. They are also called brush-footed butterflies or four-footed butterflies. Many species are brightly colored and include popular species such as the emperor, admirals, tortoiseshells and fritillaries. However, the underwings are in contrast often dull and in some species look remarkably like dead leaves, or are much paler, producing a cryptic effect that helps the butterfly disappear into its surroundings.
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphalidae)
Subfamily: Satyrinae Boisduval, 1833 – Satyrinae, the satyrines or satyrids, commonly known as the Browns, is a subfamily of the Nymphalidae (brush-footed butterflies). They were formerly considered a distinct family, Satyridae. This group contains nearly half of the known diversity of brush-footed butterflies. It is estimated that the true number of the Satyrinae species may exceed 2,400 in over 280 genera.
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyrinae)
Tribe: Elymniini Herrich-Schaffer, 1864 – The Elymniini (true browns) are one of the large tribes of the browns subfamily (Satyrinae) in the brush-footed butterfly family (Nymphalidae). Sometimes, they are elevated to subfamily status as Elymniinae.
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elymniini)
Subtribe: Mycalesina
Genus: Mycalesis Hübner, 1818 – The bushbrowns, Mycalesis, are a genus of brush-footed butterflies. They are common in the warm regions from Central Asia to Australia, and have a high diversity in South Asia and the Wallacea.
They are notably polymorphic, with wet- and dry-season forms differing in many species, especially as regards size and number of underwing eyespots.
Mycalesis superficially resemble the species Orsotriaena medus, but can readily be identified by the number of spots.
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycalesis )
Species: M. perseus
Binomial name: Mycalesis perseus (Fabricius, 1775) – The Dingy Bushbrown or Common Bushbrown (Mycalesis perseus) is a species of satyrine butterfly found in South Asia and Southeast Asia. This species has distinctive seasonal forms (seasonal polyphenism), the dry-season and wet-season forms.
Expanse 42-54 mm.
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycalesis_perseus; en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly#Polymorphism)
Photos were taken using a Camera phone Sony Ericsson K800i in Jonggol, West Java, Indonesia.
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